The data sets on this page can freely be downloaded and used to try out LED-A.
The Dutch word hart 'heart' is pronounced as [ærtə] in the West Flemish dialect of Oostende (in Belgium) and as [hɑʀt] in the Limburg dialect of Meerssen (in The Netherlands). With the example file the distance between the two respective realizations can be calculated in LED-A. The transcriptions were taken from the Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen (see below).
The data offered here consists of IPA transcriptions of a subset of 20 Norwegian varieties out of a database that contains recordings and transcriptions of 55 Norwegian varieties. This database was compiled by Jørn Almberg and Kristian Skarbø (Department of Linguistics, University of Trondheim) in the period 1999–2002. As a basis the text of the fable ‘The North Wind and the Sun’ was used. The database is online available at a website of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.
The Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen (RND) is a series of atlasses covering the Dutch dialect area. The Dutch dialect area comprises the Netherlands, the northern part of Belgium, a smaller northwestern part of France and the German county Bentheim. The atlas was compiled by prof. E. Blancquaert and Willem Pée in the period 1925-1982. The RND contains the translations of 139 sentences in 1956 local dialects spread over this entire area. The sentences are translated and transcribed in phonetic script for each dialect. The atlas is online available at a website of Ghent University.
A selection of 360 local dialects is available at the Dutch Language Institute . For 136 local dialects transcriptions are available for a set of 166 words that were chosen from the 139 sentences. For 226 local dialects transcriptions are available for a set of 125 words. The set of 125 words is a subset of the set of 166 words. Standard Dutch and Standard German were added having transcriptions of 166 words each. The data set that we offer on this page includes a subset of 50 local dialects having transcriptions of 166 words each. Additionally, Standard Dutch (SD) is included.
This data set is another subset of the set that is hosted by the Dutch Language Institute. It contains transcriptions of 48 local dialects in the Dutch province of Fryslân and transcriptions of two local dialects in the Dutch province of Groningen in the area adjacent to the eastern border of the province of Fryslân. Per local dialect 90 words are selected. For the local dialects of Appelscha, Donkerbroek and Tjalleberd transcriptions of two different varieties are included.
LED-A means 'Levenshtein Edit Distance App'. It is a web app for calculating linguistic distances with Levenshtein distance using phonetic IPA transcriptions. The following people were involved in the development of LED-A: Wilbert Heeringa (implementation), Vincent van Heuven (advice), Hans Van de Velde (project manager). LED-A is still under development. Comments are welcome and can be sent to
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Heeringa, Wilbert & Van Heuven, Vincent & Van de Velde, Hans (2023). LED-A: Levenshtein Edit Distance App [computer program]. Retrieved 30 January 2024 from https://www.led-a.org/.
LED-A is implemented as a Shiny app. Shiny was developed by RStudio. This web app uses the following R packages:
R Core Team (2023). _R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing_. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <https://www.R-project.org/>.
Chang W, Cheng J, Allaire J, Sievert C, Schloerke B, Xie Y, Allen J, McPherson J, Dipert A, Borges B (2023). _shiny: Web Application Framework for R_. R package version 1.7.4.1, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shiny>.
Bailey E (2022). _shinyBS: Twitter Bootstrap Components for Shiny_. R package version 0.61.1, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shinyBS>.
Perrier V, Meyer F, Granjon D (2023). _shinyWidgets: Custom Inputs Widgets for Shiny_. R package version 0.7.6, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shinyWidgets>.
Tang Y (2022). _shinyjqui: 'jQuery UI' Interactions and Effects for Shiny_. R package version 0.4.1, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=shinyjqui>.
ZJ D (2019). _shinysky: A Set of Shiny Components and Widgets_. R package version 0.1.3, <https://github.com/AnalytixWare/ShinySky>.
Wickham H, Hester J, Bryan J (2023). _readr: Read Rectangular Text Data_. R package version 2.1.4, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readr>.
Schauberger P, Walker A (2023). _openxlsx: Read, Write and Edit xlsx Files_. R package version 4.2.5.2, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=openxlsx>.
Wickham H (2022). _stringr: Simple, Consistent Wrappers for Common String Operations_. R package version 1.5.0, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stringr>.
Hadley Wickham (2011). The Split-Apply-Combine Strategy for Data Analysis. Journal of Statistical Software, 40(1), 1-29. URL https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i01/.
Alexander Rossell Hayes (2020). ipa: convert between phonetic alphabets. R package version 0.1.0. https://github.com/rossellhayes/ipa
H. Wickham. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York, 2016.
van den Brand T (2023). _ggh4x: Hacks for 'ggplot2'_. R package version 0.2.6, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggh4x>.
Turner R (2023). _deldir: Delaunay Triangulation and Dirichlet (Voronoi) Tessellation_. R package version 1.0-9, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=deldir>.
de Vries A, Ripley BD (2022). _ggdendro: Create Dendrograms and Tree Diagrams Using 'ggplot2'_. R package version 0.1.23, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggdendro>.
Slowikowski K (2023). _ggrepel: Automatically Position Non-Overlapping Text Labels with 'ggplot2'_. R package version 0.9.3, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggrepel>.
Venables, W. N. & Ripley, B. D. (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. Fourth Edition. Springer, New York. ISBN 0-387-95457-0
Padgham, Mark (2021). geodist: Fast, Dependency-Free Geodesic Distance Calculations. R package version 0.0.7, https://github.com/hypertidy/geodist
Inglis A (2023). _colouR: Create Colour Palettes from Images_. R package version 0.1.0, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=colouR>.
Cheng J, Schloerke B, Karambelkar B, Xie Y (2023). _leaflet: Create Interactive Web Maps with the JavaScript 'Leaflet' Library_. R package version 2.2.0, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leaflet>.
Karambelkar B, Schloerke B (2018). _leaflet.extras: Extra Functionality for 'leaflet' Package_. R package version 1.0.0, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=leaflet.extras>.
L.J.P. van der Maaten and G.E. Hinton. Visualizing High-Dimensional Data Using t-SNE. Journal of Machine Learning Research 9(Nov):2579-2605, 2008.
L.J.P. van der Maaten. Accelerating t-SNE using Tree-Based Algorithms. Journal of Machine Learning Research 15(Oct):3221-3245, 2014.
Jesse H. Krijthe (2015). Rtsne: T-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding using a Barnes-Hut Implementation, URL: https://github.com/jkrijthe/Rtsne
R Core Team (2023). _R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing_. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <https://www.R-project.org/>.
Pebesma, E., & Bivand, R. (2023). Spatial Data Science: With Applications in R. Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429459016
Pebesma, E., 2018. Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data. The R Journal 10 (1), 439-446, https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2018-009
Massicotte P, South A (2023). _rnaturalearth: World Map Data from Natural Earth_. R package version 0.3.3, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rnaturalearth>.
South A (2017). _rnaturalearthdata: World Vector Map Data from Natural Earth Used in 'rnaturalearth'_. R package version 0.1.0, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rnaturalearthdata>.
Wickham H, François R, Henry L, Müller K, Vaughan D (2023). _dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation_. R package version 1.1.3, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr>.
Wickham H, Henry L, Pedersen T, Luciani T, Decorde M, Lise V (2023). _svglite: An 'SVG' Graphics Device_. R package version 2.1.1, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=svglite>.
Urbanek S, Horner J (2022). _Cairo: R Graphics Device using Cairo Graphics Library for Creating High-Quality Bitmap (PNG, JPEG, TIFF), Vector (PDF, SVG, PostScript) and Display (X11 and Win32) Output_. R package version 1.6-0, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Cairo>.
Sharpsteen C, Bracken C (2023). _tikzDevice: R Graphics Output in LaTeX Format_. R package version 0.12.4, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=tikzDevice>.
Vaidyanathan R, Xie Y, Allaire J, Cheng J, Sievert C, Russell K (2023). _htmlwidgets: HTML Widgets for R_. R package version 1.6.2, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=htmlwidgets>.
Chang W (2023). _webshot: Take Screenshots of Web Pages_. https://wch.github.io/webshot/, https://github.com/wch/webshot/.
Csárdi G, Chang W (2022). _callr: Call R from R_. R package version 3.7.3, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=callr>.
At the backend Free Pascal and C programs are used as well.
The icons used in the main menu of this app are glyphs taken from the set of Bootstrap Glyphicons which includes over 250 glyphs from the Glyphicon Halflings set.
Gabmap offers some functionality that is not available in LED-A. Gabmap is available at gabmap.nl . A Docker version can be found here .
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